1. Intro
   1. Tl;dr
   2. Epistemic Status
2. Big Problem
3. Good Solutions
   1. Advanced Market Commitments
   2. Challenge Studies
   3. Other
4. Good Timing
5. Good for the EA Movement
   1. Diversification
   2. Reputation
   3. Catastrophic Risk
6. Good Arguments Against
   1. No Rigorous Methodology
   2. Long-Term Disease Burden Could Be Much Lower
   3. 1Day Sooner May Have been Wrong About COVID Challenge
   4. Vaccines May Be Very Difficult to Develop
   5. Vaccines Aren’t a Silver Bullet
   6. Gates and Wellcome Already Fund This
7. Next Steps

Intro

There has been much discussion in the EA community lately of a “funding overhang” where there is more effective altruist money to spend than EA uses to spend it on. 

As a nonprofit employee of 1Day Sooner whose salary is largely paid by various members of the EA community, the prospect of a funding overhang sounds too good to be true, but insofar as it does exist, I’d like to argue that a fair amount of this decade’s portion should be spent developing and deploying vaccines against infectious diseases. 

Millions of deaths each year are caused by tuberculosis (1.4M), Group A Strep (500K), malaria (400K), influenza (300K), hepatitis C (300K),  shigella (200K), and respiratory syncytial virus (160K). On certain reasonable assumptions, I’d argue they can absorb billions of dollars in GiveWell-charity equivalent funding over the next ten years. Beyond the object-level of saving millions of lives, developing effective vaccines to major diseases would benefit pandemic preparedness and EA’s political reputation in a way that could reduce existential risks long-term.

My expertise on vaccine development is at best incomplete, and I am biased because 1Day Sooner is raising money to work in this area. But the scale of the problem is large, multiple reasonable strategies exist to help address it, the timing is opportune, and the approach usefully diversifies EA funding strategies while complementing other long-term EA goals.

Tl;dr: If EA’s investing $10 billion in vaccination over the next ten years could save the equivalent of 3-5 years of disease burden of a disease like tuberculosis, it would represent a cost per disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) saved of roughly $50-$85 (on par with GiveWell top charities). There are plausible mechanisms available to accomplish this, such as advanced market commitments, challenge studies, systems immunology research, and subsidizing mRNA vaccine manufacturing capacity. The effective altruism movement should quickly begin investigating this area more thoroughly and consider developing funding mechanisms commensurate with the scale of the opportunity. 

Epistemic Status:I feel this makes a decent but simplistic default case that merits mild confidence in the absence of refutation (which I encourage people to do so as to sharpen the analysis). 

Big Problem: Infectious disease is a big enough problem that a number of GiveWell’s top charities (e.g. Against Malaria Foundation and the END Fund) focus on mitigating its impact. Developing and deploying vaccines can dramatically reduce disease incidence in the long-run. 

To give a sense of scale, here are the DALY’s lost annually to some vaccine-preventable diseases.

Per this workshop on Group A Strep, an accelerated vaccine development schedule for a disease might typically take about eight years with a further eight years for global deployment. It estimates a more traditional development process at 13 years and deployment at 15-20 years thereafter.

If GiveWell charities buy a DALY at $80, it would be worth it to invest (for example) $3.2 billion to eliminate a single year of tuberculosis disease burden. 

Good Solutions: While I have not done comprehensive research into potential strategies to deploy funds, there are several that are promising. I’ll make the case for two (advanced market commitments and challenge trials) below and briefly mention two more (systems immunology research and mRNA vaccine production subsidies). 

An Advanced Market Commitment (AMC) involves committing ahead of time to purchase a significant number of effective vaccinations at a fairly high price. This (1) creates a greater profit incentive for developing vaccines; (2) reduces risks to pharma companies of being pressured to drastically reduce prices or give up IP once they’ve been authorized to sell an effective vaccine; and (3) generates funding to actually purchase and distribute vaccines, hopefully accelerating deployment and increasing manufacturing scale. 

Operation Warp Speed is the most well-known example of an AMC and was one reason for the extremely rapid development of COVID vaccines. A previous $1.5 billion AMC for pneumooccus vaccines is estimated to have averted 570 thousand future deaths as of 2019 by accelerating vaccine administration. One analysis in 2005 found that an AMC for malaria of $3.1 billion ($4.3B in 2021 dollars) would cost less than $15 per DALY saved ($21 in 2021 dollars).  To give a sense of plausibility and scale, a 2004 study found that every dollar of annual expected revenue for a vaccine yields 6 cents in annual R&D spending.

Challenge Studies: 1Day Sooner is best known for our advocacy of challenge studies, which are arguably a critical path for vaccine development in hepatitis c, tuberculosis, malaria, and group A strep. A challenge study can generate a preliminary estimate of vaccine efficacy for $5-10 million in six months where a traditional Phase 2B might cost $100 million over multiple years. For example, a recent paper this year published negative efficacy results for a promising hepatitis c candidate in a study of intravenous drug users that ran from 2013-2019. A challenge model could have generated that same answer in a fraction of the time, freeing resources to test new candidates (which is why leading hep c researchers have recently advocated for development of a challenge model). Scaling up challenge models to quickly test multiple vaccine candidates against each of the major infectious diseases and openly share results could usefully absorb hundreds of millions of dollars in fairly short order.

Basic Systems Immunology Research to use new technologies (like next generation sequencing and machine learning) to better understand and predict the immune response could also enhance the vaccine development process (by for example validating animal models of disease or developing an algorithmic model of the human immune response in which to test vaccines). And Subsidizing mRNA Vaccine Production Facilities could make it cheaper, easier, and faster to produce and deploy vaccines against a variety of diseases.

Good Timing:The extraordinarily rapid and successful development of COVID vaccines has proved faster development to be possible, validated multiple promising techniques, and brought unprecedented resources to the field. Promising developments in malaria vaccines have also emerged, and attention  for pandemic preparedness and vaccine equity is also unusually high.

This momentum creates a chance to make the temporarily greater resources for vaccinology more permanent by attracting additional government and philanthropic funding first generated by COVID. A large public push of increased resources is more likely to be successful now and lead to a permanent shift in prioritization and capabilities than it has in the past or will in the future. 

It’s important to note that different vaccine acceleration strategies are complementary: stimulating economic demand through AMCs makes pharma companies more interested in commercializing the vaccine candidates tested by challenge studies. An influx of funding can change expectations around development timing in a virtuous cycle (e.g. a pharma company assuming potential competitors will move more quickly by using challenge studies will itself move more quickly), which can itself attract more private and public funding. Additionally, improving deployment mechanisms relevant to any given vaccine may have a positive effect on deployment machinery for other vaccines as well. 

Good for EA: Besides its direct benefits, investing in vaccine development helps achieve several EA goals.

Diversification: Investing in vaccine development provides useful diversification from other EA strategies. Diversification in philanthropy has a broadly similar logic as it does in finance: the future is uncertain; making bets that are uncorrelated with each other reduces the risk that a small set of miscalculations will tank all your returns. (Alexander Berger’s discussion of Open Phil’s worldview diversification here and Holden Karnofsky’s here may also have some relevance to this point). EAs invest in global health directly through GiveWell charity, in better policy outcomes through advocacy, and in existential risk through AI safety and pandemic preparedness. Addressing global health through vaccine development (via direct funding and advocacy) will be fairly uncorrelated from each of those approaches.

EA Reputation: Being identified with saving millions of lives through a highly salient campaign of rapid vaccine development will improve the EA brand, attract new members not otherwise interested in the EA movement, build EA equity in the pharma industry, and yield political gains that can be harvested to influence AI policy and other important areas. The EA movement being seen as owning an era of rapid vaccine success through high levels of donation has reputational  benefits largely absent from GiveWell top charities (which ameliorate ongoing problems rather than creating highly salient solutions), AI risk reduction (benefits are uncertain, materialize in the long-term, and are hard to verify), or US advocacy areas (which are politically contentious).

Catastrophic Risk: Improving vaccine development in the medium term will help mitigate pandemic risk in the long-term by improving our scientific understanding and technological abilities and by creating a sustainable source of funding for the vaccinology, immunology, and infectious disease fields that will be crucial to addressing the next pandemic. Additionally, accruing equity in vaccine development will help EAs guide decision-making for pandemic preparedness policy more broadly by giving the EA movement a leadership role in the institutions that are making those decisions.

Good Arguments Against: Here are some weaknesses and possible arguments against the claims of this post: 

• No Rigorous Methodology: It is easy to use large numbers to make a potential cause area seem attractive, but achieving actual gains may be much more difficult than broad estimates might imply. For example, the AMC modeling literature cited here is mostly old, developed by AMC advocates, and lacks methodological rigor (and some of it seems to imply a relatively small impact).
• Long-Term Disease Burden Could Be Much Lower: It will likely take at least a decade or more to deploy vaccines in the pipeline today, and then the period over which disease burden will be reduced will often be further decades in the future. To use one example, Group A Strep’s disease burden is largely due to deaths caused by rheumatic heart disease, which normally takes decades after initial infection to be lethal. Thus global economic development (particularly if significantly accelerated by general artificial intelligence) may significantly reduce the actual disease burden averted a significant period of time in the future.
• 1Day Sooner May Have Been Wrong about Covid Challenge: COVID challenge studies have not been meaningfully helpful to the current pandemic. This may imply 1Day Sooner’s judgment is poor (and/or that our ability to be persuasive may exceed our ability to be right).
• Vaccines May Be Very Difficult to Develop: COVID was an unusually easy disease to vaccinate against because its main advantage is to spread quickly, and our immune response is quite effective to reinfection. By contrast diseases like tuberculosis or hepatitis c may be much more difficult to develop vaccines against (which is partly why the diseases available to target have resisted vaccine development for a century or so). HIV has had enormous resources put into vaccine development without much success. The malaria vaccine currently being deployed (which is only 30% effective) was initially tested in the 1980s, implying the level of resources described may not help make much progress, particularly when spread over long periods of time.
• Vaccines Aren’t a Silver Bullet: A typhoid vaccine exists, but disease burden is still very significant. Vaccines can fail to be long-lasting or effective enough to be a cost-effective solution to effectively end disease burden ad may require significant ongoing use of resources to have an effect, reducing the cost-effectiveness of money spent on development and deployment.
• Gates and Wellcome Already Fund This: Two of the world’s four largest foundations devote significant resources to vaccine development and deployment, which could indicate that the area is already well-funded.

Next Steps : I think the claims of this post are plausible and deserve significant investigation (and public explanation) from the EA community. This could be an excellent opportunity to save millions of lives cost-effectively while also helping to solve the “funding overhang” problem that may disincentivize EA from expanding and improving the EA brand to boot. 

I don’t in any way claim my arguments above are ironclad or foolproof, but I think vaccine development deserves great consideration by the EA community and that learning to evaluate it publicly as an EA cause area can serve as a positive model for growth in other EA-potential projects.